An Analysis of Tite Tienous Christian Theology in an Era...

Tienou, Tite. Christian Theology in an Era of World Christianity. Chapter 1 in Globalizing Theology. Ed. By Craig Ott and Harold A. Netland. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. Tite Tienou asserts that Christian theology does not seem to be greatly affected by globalization, (38). Globalization might have an impact on evangelical missions and ecumenical cooperation between the various manifestations of the Christian church throughout the world, but not on theology itself (Tienou 38). If it seems impossible to create ecumenical cooperation between the various manifestations of the church without that cooperation impacting Christian theology, then Tienou considers the simultaneous fact that globalization has also fostered dialogue between Christianity and other world religions. That dialogue is unlikely to alter Christian theology, even if it changes Christian missionary operations and functions. Christianity has historically been a facilitator of globalization. In fact, Tienou cites Shenk saying that the Christian faith is global with multiple heartlands, (38). Any theological discourse now must take place within a global environment, taking into account the disparate cultures, individuals, and worldviews that fall under the rubric of the Christian world. The 21st century calls for a world conversation on theological method, (Tienou 38). There must be a global conversation if Christian theology is to change, or even remain the same. Tienou also suggests that theology

Reflective Practice - 1008 Words

REFLECTIVE PRACTICE Reflection has been defined as an active, persistent and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge (Dewey, 1933. Dawn, 2007). Reflective practice is a process to improve quality of performance in the workplace, skills up to date throughout workplace and leads to understanding the field of care. Reflection requires self-awareness and analysis (Schutz et al, 2004). To reflect the incident, I have used Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle because it easy to follow, well structured and it allows reflection on feelings as well as actions (Pat, L., 2008). Besides that, it helps to recognize what we do well and how to interpret in the other situations. I’m working in surgical and transplant ward for five†¦show more content†¦2006). According to Sara J. et al (2007), mentor provides a positive career role model, professional growth opportunities, advice, career challenges, access to learning resources, encouragement and feedback on a mentee’s career progress. As a mentor, we should be well prepared. It shows mentors are capable of coaching, challenging and sophistication in their role (Wendy et al, 2007). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2006) defines a mentor as a registrant who has meet the outcomes of stage two and who facilitates learning, and supervises and assesses students in a practice setting (Wendy et al, 2007). Although the mentor gets relationship with student, they must maintain a professional practitioners and unbiased approach to all students. Mentors need skills to achieve an effective communication, interpersonal skills to facilitate, support and assess student in their practice (Wendy et a l, 2007). To be a mentor, I need to improve myself. I make a decision to take part in Diploma in Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences course. Through this course, I hope that I can develop my skills in many ways. According to Bennett (2003) and Ali PA, Panther W (2008), to be a good mentor-student relationship, we have to organize a meeting, orientation of the students to the clinical area, provide a good learning environment and offering appropriate support to the student. AllShow MoreRelatedReflective Practice in the Classroom1629 Words   |  7 PagesReflective practice – A tool for learning Introduction/Rationale When something goes wrong or something unexpected happens during a lesson or activity, we ask ourselves questions such as, could I have done something to avoid it? These experiences usually make us grow and we learn from experience, and we will be better prepared to face the situation if it happened again. This introspection is generally called â€Å"reflection†, and all professionals have adopted it in order to improve their practiceRead MoreThe Importance of Reflective Practice1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe importance of reflective practice. Reflective practice is the ability to constantly monitor one s own performance in a given role and make adjustments where necessary. For me reflective practice is particularly important because no two clients will ever be the same and it is vitally important to remain reactive and reflective at all times. Reflective practice has been demonstrated to have significant benefits when it comes to the delivery of client-centred care, and can help me to ensureRead More1. Introduction. Reflective Practice Is A Key Part Of Working1646 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction Reflective practice is a key part of working as a health care professional, including speech and language therapists (SLT), and will be used throughout a practitioner’s career as part of their continuing professional development. It is the practice of experiencing situations and then reflecting on them, which is how clinicians may enhance their knowledge and skills and, thus, maintain their competence throughout their career as a practicing therapist (RCSLT, 2003). It is through thisRead MoreDttls Unit 2.1 Continuing Personal and Professional Development2774 Words   |  12 Pagesadult to adult. Berne E (1964) The four reflective models I have chosen to Review are: †¢ Kolb †¢ Gibbs †¢ Johns †¢ Rolfe et al The first thing I am going to do is to break down the three reflective models and explain how they work. I will then compare them and discus the reflective model that I use in my teaching. I am going to compare the three learning cycles as if I am reflecting on my own lessons and practices. Kolb’s Reflective Cycle Kolb has developed a theory of experimentalRead MoreReflection1542 Words   |  7 Pagesassignment is to discuss the contribution of reflective practice for clinical nursing. Reflection has been defined as a way for individuals to â€Å"capture their experience, think about it, mull it over and evaluate† (Boud et al 1985: 19) Argyris and Schon (1974) suggest that practitioners often practice at less than effective levels because they follow routine. Johns (1995) implies that action can be taken through reflection to increase effectiveness in practice as reflection provides opportunities forRead MoreReflective Models Used by Nurses Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesReflective Practice Introduction: Reflection its self is looking into personal thoughts and actions. For nurses this would mean looking at how they performed a particular task taking into consideration their interaction with their colleagues and other members of staff, patients and in some cases relatives This then enables the nurse to assess their actions and thought processes. There are various frameworks of reflection that one could choose and the examples used for this workRead MorePromote Professional Development Essays2745 Words   |  11 PagesPromote professional development CU2942 1. Explain the importance of continually improving knowledge and practice Within my role, it is important to continually improve knowledge and practice so I am aware of how to give the best diverse and equal care to children, stay fully up to date with all standards and legislations. Regarding parents, they are the customer and this entails all care towards their child may need to be explained to them. E.g. what is the Early Years Foundation StageRead More Reflection Upon A Critical Incident Essay2677 Words   |  11 Pagesplacement. Reflective practice has become very popular over the last few decades throughout a variety of professions. In some professions it has become one of the defining features of competence. The wide spread utilization of reflective practice is due to the fact that it ‘rings true’ (Loughran, 2000). Within different disciplines, what is understood by reflective practice varies considerably (Fook et al, 2006). Despite this, some agreement has been achieved. In general, reflective practice is understoodRead MoreReflection Of The Gibbs Reflective Cycle945 Words   |  4 Pages (Gibbs G, 1988) The introduction of the Gibbs reflective cycle helped the nurses to have a systematic thinking about the different activity phases (Huston, 2014). These logical elements of the procedure are describing the problem, feelings identification, evaluation, analysis, conclusion, and an action plan. Every stage is essential in carrying out the reflective processes for nurses. Nurses come across many situations that affect their emotions, ethical dilemmas, conflicts from the patient’s familyRead MoreReflective Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesReflective Practice Reid (1994) Gibbs Reflective Cycle What happened? (description) What would you do if it happened again? (action plan) What were you thinking/feeling? (feeling) What alternatives did you have? (conclusion) How can you make sense of what happened? (analysis) What was good/bad about the experience? (evaluation) Reflectivity The circular process by which our thoughts affect our actions, which affect the situation we are dealing with and therefore after feedback through the reactions

Literature critique Free Essays

Introduction Strohschein’s (2005) report discusses a research conducted among Canadian children over a five year period. The children’s level of anxiety/depression and their tendency towards anti-social behavior were analyzed at specified intervals during the five-year period assessing mental health adjustment to changes in the family in the form of a divorce between children whose parents eventually divorced and those whose parents remained together. Children in families considered dysfunctional prior to the divorce were assessed for improvements in mental health. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature critique or any similar topic only for you Order Now The primary objective of the study is to determine a connection between divorce and mental health in children. This research assesses the children’s home environment both prior to and after a divorce to determine any correlation. There is need for this because prior researches that did not take into account this factor. The literature review reveals that the current research is distinguished based on the methodology used. Methodology A qualitative approach is taken. The anxiety/depression state of children is examined over a five-year period my means of interviews and their relative state of mental health is assessed. The longitudinal survey methodology employed is justified on the grounds that alternative methods such as two-wave panel studies that assess developmental changes between two set time-periods for comparison as well as cross-sectional data used to pit children in divorced families against those in intact families, have been deficient. The multi-wave, longitudinal approach of the current study is clearly detailed as the better alternative. The researchers assume that the home environment prior to a divorce could determine divorce effects on children. They also assume that even prior to a divorce the mental health of children of divorced parents may be substantially different from those whose parents remain together and that divorce could positively alter the mental health of children. Two specific research questions are posed – are there negative effects of divorce on children’s mental health and is anxiety/depression diminished by a divorce within a dysfunctional family. A clear definition of what constitutes a dysfunctional family was given. The target population as well as exclusions is described by the researchers. The initial longitudinal sample was reduced after excluding children not 4 to 11 years, single-parent homes and children losing a parent by death. The final sample size was 2,819 with 5.9% experiencing divorce within the research period. The selection criteria appear unbiased and equitable given the requirements of the research. The data instrument used was a national survey the 5 year period covered lends much validity to the data collected as it allows for equitability in responses over time. Findings The findings of the research are consistent with the data gathered and analyzed. There is enough evidence to conclude that there is a greater prevalence of anxiety and antisocial behavior in children whose parents divorce than in those whose parents remain together. However the research does not show any correlation between preexisting family problems and decreased anxiety levels subsequent to a divorce. These findings cannot, however be generalized outside the context of children below the age of 11 years. Discussion Conclusion Two research limitations are highlighted. Only a single informant, a parent, was used for the assessment of the child’s mental health and no effective mechanism to determine the nature and distribution of resources in the household was possible; only inventory type data collection was conducted for this variable. The researchers suggest that the methodology of analysis used has proved to be effective in gauging children’s reactions to parental divorce and therefore future research on the issue on a broader scale should employ similar techniques. REFERENCES Strohschein, L. (2005, Dec). Parental Divorce and Child Mental Health Trajectories. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(5),  1286-1300. How to cite Literature critique, Essay examples

Encyclopedia entries about Islamic law

Question: Describe about theHistorical and Modern theories of Islamic law?. Answer: 1. Islamic law Islamic law is officially called Sharia which is an Arabic word that means the "right path or the correct path (SCHACHT, 1979)." Sharia law emanates from a combination of different sources including the Muslim holy book(Qurran), sayings, and teachings of Prophet Muhammad( Hadith) and fatwas (the rulings and findings of Islamic scholars) (SCHACHT, 1979). Muslims believe that God (Allah) revealed his will to the prophet Muhammad who then played a role of mediation to pass the laws to humans via the Koran (Holy Islam book). Due to the belief by Muslims that Sharia originated from God, they consider it sacred and therefore must be respected by all Muslims without questioning. Many Islamic scholars attempted to give interpretations of Sharia after Muhammad had died in the seventh century (MALLAT, 2003). These interpretations were then adopted by Muslims and accepted as guidance to worship and live brotherly lives. The original Sharia law was an important symbol of Islamic religion and com munity at large because it guided the way of life for all museums (NASIR, 2009). Before Islam, Arabian Peninsula was occupied by nomadic tribes who worshiped idols as their god. Each nomadic tribe had its rules that governed hospitality, marriage, and revenge and due to competition for resources in the Peninsula, these tribes constantly fought one another. People in these tribes retaliated against each other for various crimes committed against each other. Later on, Muhammad the prophet came into the Arab region and introduced a new religion (Islam) which affirmed only one God (MALLAT, 2003). This doctrine set forth required that all believers must obey God's laws and will otherwise be punished. Koran the holy book was used as a guide book for Muslim believers setting forth the human standards but did not provide a detailed code of law to be followed. During this period, Muhammad acted as a judge interpreting the law to Muslims and providing judgments over cases involving Muslims (NASIR, 2009). After Muhammad had died in the sixth century, political and religious rulers called caliphs carried on with the duty of developing Islamic law giving their interpretations and deciding cases in Arabia. The Islamic law spread to Umayyad dynasty and the caliphs in charge of the regime appointed judges (Kadhis) to settle the case and interpret the law to the people. This law spread until the government incorporated some part of the law into the countrys constitution. Shaffi, who was a Muslim scholar, played a significant role in shaping Sharia law by stating that Kadis (government judges) were supposed to follow a well reasoned out process while making judgments on Muslim cases (Anderson, 1959). Through this argument, many Muslim law scholars wrote law books that Kadis used to make court decisions, and that formed the basis of modern-day Sharia law. In the modern day, Sharia is legalized in many countries to avoid controversies and contradictions even though it is moderated by governments (Anderson 1959). Even though Sharia still exists in many Islamic countries, western culture has eroded most of the traditional provisions that laid the foundation of the Islamic law (Anderson, 1959). 2. Criminal Law and Procedure under Islamic law (Sharia) According to the traditional Sharia, crimes that are considered more severe are the ones mentioned in the Koran because they are considered as sins against God and they must be punished as per the Sharia (NASIR, 2009). When Sharia was formed, there was some crime that Prophet Muhammad considered as criminal and was unforgivable in Islam. Adultery was highly condemned and according to the Sharia any person found doing adultery was to be stoned to death because he or she was sinning against Allah the holy one (KHALIFA, 1983). The second crime was highway robbery by a Muslim faithful was highly prohibited, and no one could survive the wrath of Sharia. Anyone convicted of highway robbery was to be crucified, executed, left foot and right hand cut off or be imprisoned according to Islamic law (KHALIFA, 1983). Any Muslim found stealing was to be punished by having his right hand cut off completely, and if the same person committed a second theft crime, his or her left foot could be cut and later on imprisoned if found offending the law further. Slanderous people were given eighty lashes by the government askaris and issued with the stern warning never to commit the crime again (NASIR 2009). Drinking wine and any intoxication was considered an offense of the highest order among museums and any person found committing such an act of the offense was to receive eighty lashes (AWWAÃÅ'„, 2000). Penalties for some crimes like murder and bodily injury were carried out by Caliph Officials (MACDONALD, 2007). In such cases, the victim or the male next of kin could retaliate by carrying out murder using a sword, or if the injury was caused to the victim, he could retaliate by inflicting the same injury to the offender if found guilty by the caliph (MACDONALD, 2007). Later on, the rule of exactitude was introduced which required that the offender receives the same amount of damage caused to the victim, and therefore the law discouraged retaliation (COULSON, 2011). Classic Sharia followed a due process where the victim of the crime or his next of kin presented a claim personally before the court, and there were no government prosecutors during these cases (KHALIFA, 1983). Persons involved in the case had a right to have personal lawyers just like in the modern society, but female witnesses were not to testify before judges except in exceptional circumstances such child birth. Durin g the hearing of the case, if the accuser failed to produce witnesses, there was the demand that the defendant takes an oath before Allah as prophet Muhammad has stated in the Sharia (AWWAÃÅ'„ , 2000). For over years, modern theories of Islamic law have made changes to original Sharia in many ways. Currently, there are better methods of punishing Muslim law offenders distinct from the natural punishments that were given to them in the classic Sharia. Adulterous are not stoned to death as it was done in the classic Sharia, rather they are given other punishments such as paying fines or sending them to jail depending on had his decision over the case. 3.Islamic Law about Women and Inheritance Women and inheritance in Islam are governed by Islamic inheritance jurisprudence also called fiqh. The law of inheritance is covered under the title Ê ¿ulm al-farÄ ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¾ià ¡Ã‚ ¸Ã‚  meaning "science of the ordained quota" is widely involved in the Koran the holy book that forms the basis of Sharia law (NASIR, 2009). Traditionally women were considered half people because of the domination of men up to the time of Prophet Muhammad. However, an introduction of the Koran by Prophet Muhammad acted as a sigh of relief to women because the Koran introduced new rights for women to inherit and own property reducing some of the restrictions that existed before (NASIR 2009). Women began to be treated fairly in Islam, and they were entitled to inheritance from their parents who formed the basis of the legal system about inheritance and property (MACDONALD, 2007). According to the Sharia, Allah the highest gave a detailed method of how women should inherit property in the Sunnah and Koran. There are three types of shares that women should inherit in the Muslim community; a woman can have the same number of shares in terms of inheritance as men; a woman can have a little less share than that of man. This means that a lady can only receive a minimum inheritance of half the proportion of a person. In the pre-Islamic period, there were variations in the laws of inheritance that were not so clear to the people (NASIR, 2009). The Islamic law also introduced other heirs that were non-existent in the pre-Islamic period, for instance, relatives. According to Schacht, women are not supposed to be inherited as per the Sharia because they are human beings, not property. In his book, he states that "this is not meant as a regular legal ordinance, but is part of the Qur'anic endeavor to improve the position of women." (SCHACHT, 1979). Islamic law stipulates that it is the responsibility of men to take care of women by providing safety, sustaining them and protecting them together with children. Sharia states that only relatives that have legitimate blood relationship with the deceased are entitled to the deceased inheritance (SCHACHT, 1979). This law excludes adopted children and illegitimate children because they are not part of the deceased's family. In both traditional and modern Sharia, a person who kills the dead or another man is not to inherit from the deceased. Furthermore, a Muslim cannot inherit from a disbeliever and likewise the disbeliever cannot inherit from a Muslim (COULSON, 2011). In the modern day, the place of women in term of inheritance and dependency on their husbands for sustenance has significantly changed and even the law (COULSON, 2011). Traditionally women were not obliged to do anything apart from taking care of their families. However, in the modern theories, women have become more active and economically empowered, and this makes them share financial responsibilities with their husbands. References Anderson, J. (1959). Islamic law in the modern world. [New York]: New York University Press. SCHACHT, J. (2001). The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. New York, American Council of Learned Soc. BURTON, J. (1990). The sources of Islamic law: Islamic theories of abrogation. Edinburgh, Edinburgh Univ. Press. COULSON, N. J. (2011). A History of Islamic Law. New Brunswick, N.J., Aldine Transaction. AWWAÃÅ'„, M. S. (2000). Punishment in Islamic law: a comparative study. Plainfield, Ind, American Trust Publications. PETERS, F. E. (1982). Children of Abraham: Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Princeton, N.J., Princeton Univ. Pr. KHALIFA, M. (1983). The sublime Qur'an and orientalism. MACDONALD, D. B. (2007). Development of Muslim theology, jurisprudence, and constitutional theory. Clark, NJ, Lawbook Exchange. MALLAT, C. (2003). The renewal of Islamic law: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf and the ShiÊ ¼i International. Cambridge [u.a.], Cambridge University Press. MALLAT, C. (1993). Islamic family law: [proceedings of a conference convened by the Centre of Islamic and Middle East law ..., University of London, in May 1989]. London [u.a.], Graham Trotman. NASIR, J. J. (2009). The status of women under Islamic law and modern Islamic legislation. Leiden, Brill. SCHACHT, J. (1979). An introduction to Islamic law.